![]() Fiber-optic communication remains the medium of choice for Internet backbone providers for several reasons. ![]() Optical fiber trunk lines consist of many fiber cables bundled to increase capacity, or bandwidth. The Internet backbone consists of many networks owned by numerous companies. Routing of prominent undersea cables that serve as the physical infrastructure of the Internet. The largest providers, known as Tier 1 networks, have such comprehensive networks that they do not purchase transit agreements from other providers. In addition, the high degree of redundancy of today's network links and sophisticated real-time routing protocols provide alternate paths of communications for load balancing and congestion avoidance. The resilience of the Internet results from its principal architectural features, most notably the idea of placing as few network state and control functions as possible in the network elements and instead relying on the endpoints of communication to handle most of the processing to ensure data integrity, reliability, and authentication. The Internet, and consequently its backbone networks, do not rely on central control or coordinating facilities, nor do they implement any global network policies. Internet service providers, often Tier 1 networks, participate in Internet backbone traffic by privately negotiated interconnection agreements, primarily governed by the principle of settlement-free peering. These data routes are hosted by commercial, government, academic and other high-capacity network centers, as well as the Internet exchange points and network access points, that exchange Internet traffic between the countries, continents, and across the oceans. The Internet backbone may be defined by the principal data routes between large, strategically interconnected computer networks and core routers of the Internet. This is a small look at the backbone of the Internet. Each line is drawn between two nodes, representing two IP addresses.
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